Learning to participate, for children in non-formal educational groups

Les experiències pedagògiques d'inici de segle XX ens ofereixen un ventall d'idees i recursos que sovint semblen oblidats pero que, en canvi, recullen l'essència mateixa de la pràctica de la participació: l'autonomia i l'autogestió dels infants. Posar a les seves mans tot allò que poden fer per ells mateixos. A partir d'aquesta tradició, en aquest article es presenten algunes línies d'intervenció educativa que, partint del context social actual, intentin donar resposta a alguns dels interrogants que es plantegen al voltant de l'aprenentatge de la participació: Com s'ha d'ensenyar a participar?, quins factors intervenen?, quins contextos i dinamismes la fan més favorable?Las experiencias pedagógicas de inicio de siglo XX nos ofrecen un abanico de ideas y recursos que, con frecuencia, parecen olvidados pero que, en cambio, recogen la esencia misma de la práctica de la participación: la autonomía y la autogestión de los niños. Poner en en sus manos todo aquello que pueden hacer por ellos mismos. A partir de esta tradición, en este artículo se presentan algunas líneas de intervención educativa que, partiendo del contexto social actual, intenten dar respuesta a algunos de los interrogantes que se plantean en torno al aprendizaje de la participación: ¿Cómo hay que enseñar a participar?, ¿qué factores intervienen?, ¿qué contextos y dinamismos la hacen más favorable?Although often seen as past history, the ideas and resources of early twentieth century pedagogy encapsulate the veryessence of the practice of participation: children 's autonomy and self-determi nation. Handing them the key to doing all they can for themselves. With this tradition as our base, this article suggests some lines education can follow to address the learning of participalion in our current social context. How should we be teaching participation ? What factors are involved ? What contexts and dynamisms most favour participalion

Límites y posibilidades de la acción pedagógica en educación social

.In the following pages, a case is made for the need to analyse how the expression "educational action" is used. The aim of this argument is to construct some more or less precise limits that will make it easier to identify what we can expect of a service devoted to education. For the purposes of this analysis, we describe 6 traps that a professional and his or her team should avoid. Finally, we describe 6 perspectives from which a detailed knowledge can be gained of a service's educational potential.A lo largo de las siguientes páginas se argumenta la necesidad de analizar el uso que se hace de la expresión "acción educativa", con la intención de construir unos límites más o menos precisos que faciliten ver lo que se puede esperar de un servicio que se dedica a la educación. Para hacer este análisis, se describen 6 trampas que debe evitar un profesional y su equipo. Finalmente, se presentan 6 perspectivas a partir de las cuales se pueda conocer de forma detallada el potencial educativo de un servicio

Characterization of the human DYRK1A promoter and its regulation by the transcription factor E2F1

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Overexpression of the human <it>DYRK1A </it>gene due to the presence of a third gene copy in trisomy 21 is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome. The observation of gene dosage effects in transgenic mouse models implies that subtle changes in expression levels can affect the correct function of the <it>DYRK1A </it>gene product. We have therefore characterized the promoter of the human <it>DYRK1A </it>gene in order to study its transcriptional regulation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Transcription start sites of the human <it>DYRK1A </it>gene are distributed over 800 bp within a region previously identified as an unmethylated CpG island. We have identified a new alternative noncoding 5'-exon of the <it>DYRK1A </it>gene which is located 772 bp upstream of the previously described transcription start site. Transcription of the two splicing variants is controlled by non-overlapping promoter regions that can independently drive reporter gene expression. We found no evidence of cell- or tissue-specific promoter usage, but the two promoter regions differed in their activity and their regulation. The sequence upstream of exon 1A (promoter region A) induced about 10-fold higher reporter gene activity than the sequence upstream of exon 1B (promoter region B). Overexpression of the transcription factor E2F1 increased <it>DYRK1A </it>mRNA levels in Saos2 and Phoenix cells and enhanced the activity of promoter region B three- to fourfold.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The identification of two alternatively spliced transcripts whose transcription is initiated from differentially regulated promoters regions indicates that the expression of the <it>DYRK1A </it>gene is subject to complex control mechanisms. The regulatory effect of E2F1 suggests that DYRK1A may play a role in cell cycle regulation or apoptosis.</p

Radium-223 in asymptomatic patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases treated in an international early access program

Radium-223; mCRPC, asymptomatic; Bone metastasesRadio-223; mCRPC, asintomático; Metástasis de huesoRadi-223; mCRPC, asimptomàtic; Metàstasis d'osBACKGROUND: Radium-223, a targeted alpha therapy, is used to treat symptomatic patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and bone metastases. Data for radium-223 in asymptomatic CRPC patients with bone metastases are lacking. METHODS: This was a prospective, single-arm phase 3b study. Patients with metastatic CRPC (malignant lymphadenopathy not exceeding 6 cm was allowed, visceral disease was excluded) received radium-223, 55 kBq/kg intravenously, every 4 weeks for up to 6 cycles. Co-primary endpoints were safety and overall survival. Post hoc analyses were performed according to baseline asymptomatic or symptomatic disease status. Asymptomatic status was defined as no pain and no opioid use at baseline. RESULTS: Seven hundred eight patients received ≥1 radium-223 injection: 548 (77%) were symptomatic to various degrees, and 135 (19%) were asymptomatic. Asymptomatic patients had more favorable baseline disease characteristics than symptomatic. A lower proportion of asymptomatic versus symptomatic patients had received prior abiraterone (25% vs 35%) and prior docetaxel (52% vs 62%). A higher proportion of asymptomatic (71%) versus symptomatic (55%) patients completed radium-223 treatment. Overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.486), time to disease progression (HR 0.722) and time to first symptomatic skeletal event (HR 0.328) were better in asymptomatic than symptomatic patients. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) response rates were similar (46% vs 47%), and ALP normalization (44% vs 25%) and prostate-specific antigen response rates (21% vs 13%) were higher in asymptomatic than symptomatic patients. A lower proportion of asymptomatic patients reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs, 61% vs 79%), grade 3-4 TEAEs (29% vs 40%) and drug-related TEAEs (28% vs 44%). There were two treatment-related deaths, both in patients with baseline symptomatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Using radium-223 earlier in the disease course, when patients are asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, may enable patients to complete treatment and optimize treatment outcome compared to symptomatic patients, and therefore may allow sequencing with other life-prolonging therapie

Pembrolizumab plus Olaparib in Patients with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Long-term Results from the Phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-365 Cohort A Study

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; Olaparib; PembrolizumabCáncer de próstata metastásico resistente a la castración; Olaparib; PembrolizumabCàncer de pròstata metastàtic resistent a la castració; Olaparib; PembrolizumabBackground Pembrolizumab and olaparib have shown single-agent activity in patients with previously treated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab plus olaparib in mCRPC. Design, setting, and participants Cohort A of the phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-365 study enrolled patients with molecularly unselected, docetaxel-pretreated mCRPC whose disease progressed within 6 mo of screening. Intervention Pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 wk plus olaparib 400-mg capsule or 300-mg tablet orally twice daily. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary endpoints were safety, confirmed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate, and objective response rate (ORR) as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), version 1.1, by blinded independent central review. The secondary endpoints included radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS). Results and limitations Of 104 enrolled patients, 102 were treated. The median age was 70 yr (interquartile range [IQR], 65–76), and 59 patients (58%) had measurable disease as per RECIST v1.1. The median time from the first dose to database cutoff was 24 mo (IQR, 22–47). The confirmed PSA response rate was 15%. The confirmed ORR was 8.5% (five partial responses) for patients with measurable disease. The median rPFS was 4.5 mo (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0–6.5) and median OS was 14 mo (95% CI, 10.4–18.2). Clinical activity was consistent across the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive and homologous recombination repair mutation subgroups. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 93 patients (91%). Grade 3–5 TRAEs occurred in 49 patients (48%). Six deaths (5.9%) were due to adverse events; two (myocardial infarction and unknown cause) were attributed to treatment. Limitations of the study include the single-arm design. Conclusions Pembrolizumab plus olaparib had a safety profile consistent with the profiles of the individual agents and demonstrated antitumor activity in previously treated patients with molecularly unselected, docetaxel-pretreated mCRPC